Bambacin Tsarin Mulkin Firaminista (Parliamentary System) Da Tsarin Shugaban Kasa Mai Cikakken Iko (Presidential System) Da Amfanin Su Da Illolin Su.
A salon mulkin duniya, tsarin damukaraɗiyya shi ne ya fi karɓuwa duk da akwai wasu tsare-tsaren dabam.
Marubuci: Saliadeen Sicey
Akwai ƙasashen da ake mulkin sarauta kamar yankin Larabawa, kamar Saudiyya, UAE, Jordan, da sauransu akwai masu fama da mulkin sojoji musamman a ƙasashen Afirka kamar, Nijar, mali, Burkina, Guinea da Masar.
A cikin salon damukaraɗiyya akwai nau’in mulki na shugaban ƙasa mai Cikakken iko kamar yadda ake gani a Najeriya, akwai tsari na Firayim minista kamar yadda ake yi a wasu ƙasashe.
Najeriya ta taɓa salon Tsarin farayim minista a lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a 1960, in da aka akami sami farayim ministan farko a Najeriya, sir Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa da kuma Shugaban ƙasa na jeka nayika Nnamdi Benjamin Azikiwe, wannan tsarin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ranar 15 ga watan Janairu 1966 lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulkin da ya haifar da rugujewar jamhuriya ta farko.
Sojoji sun ci gaba da mulki, kama daga mulkin soja na janar ironsi, janar yakubu gawon har zuwa janar Murtala, bayan kashe Murtala, janar obasanjo ya cigaba da mulki, wanda a zamaninsa ne aka rubuta sabon tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1979, wanda ya bada dama a koma kan tsarin shugaban ƙasa mai Cikakken iko da Majalisar tarayya da ta dattijai, sai tsarin gwamnoni da 'yan Majalisar jiha.
Wannan tsari ya ci gaba har zuwa ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1983 a lokacin da sojoji suka kifar da wannan jamhuriya ta biyu.
Juyin mulkin shi ne ya kawo janar Muhammad Buhari kan mulki, kafin shima a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1985 akayi waje road da shi. Janar Babangida ya karɓi mulki wanda a zamaninsa ya kira da asake rubuta wani sabon tsarin mulkin da nufin mayar da mulkin hannun farar hula a shekarar 1992.
Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1992, wanda aka fi sani da Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya na uku, an kafa shi a cikin 1989 kuma an Gabatar da shi a 1992. Ya yi kama da tsarin mulki na 1979, amma tare da wasu muhimman canje-canje, ciki har da:
Tsarin jam’iyyu biyu rak (Wanda aka kafa jam'iyun SDP da NRC).
Tsarin kiranye ga duk 'yan majalisa
Ƙara iko da matsayi ga ƙananan hukumomi.
Zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa da zaɓaɓɓun majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa.
Zaɓaɓɓun Gwamnonin Jihohi da zaɓaɓɓun 'yan Majalisun Dokoki.
Wannan kundin tsarin mulki baiyi amfani ba, saboda soke zaɓen MKO Abiola a da janar Babangida yayi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni a Shekarar 1993, bayan saukar Janar Babangida da miƙa gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ga Chief Ernest Shonikan, kwatsam a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, 1993, Sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin ministan tsaro Janar Sani Abacha suka tilastawa shugaban riƙon ƙwarya Ernest Shonekan yin murabus.
Bayan ɗarewar Abacha bisa mulki ya cigaba da mulki har zuwa Ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 1998 a lokacin da Allah ya karɓi rayuwarsa, bayan mutuwar sani Abacha, janar Abdussalam ya karɓi mulki tare da Alƙawarin mayar da mulki ga farar hula a cikin watanni 8, ma'ana a shekarar 1999.
A ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Janar Abdussalam Abubakar An kafa kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1999, kuma har yanzun nan wannan tsarin mulkin ake amfani dashi.
Wannan dai shi ne kundin tsarin mulki na huɗu tun bayan da Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai daga ƙasar Ingila a shekarar 1960, inda ta bi Kundin tsarin mulkin 1960, 1963, da 1979.
Kundin tsarin mulki na 1999 ya kafa hukumomin gwamnati, na zartarwa, da na shari'a, tare da jihohi 36 na ƙasar, da ƙananan hukumomi 774, da babban birnin ƙasar Abuja. Har ila yau, ya zayyana ikon yin doka na tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi, kuma ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya ce kawai za ta iya yin dokoki game da haƙƙin mallaka, alamun kasuwanci, da sauransu.
Bambacin dake akwai tsakanin tsarikan mulki guda biyu, tsarin Farayim ministan (Parliamentary System) da shugaban ƙasa mai Cikakken iko (Presidential System).
Tunda mun ɗan taba tarihin tsarin mulkin Najeriya, bari kuma mu duba bambacin dake a tsakanin tsarin mulki guda biyu. Idan ba ku manta ba, Ƙasar Najeriya sau ɗaya tak ta taɓa ɗanɗana tsarin mulki farayim ministan (Parliamentary System) sauran duka, ko dai mulkin soja ne, sawa'u kona Shugaban ƙasa mai Cikakken iko (Presidential System).
Kafin salon da ake kai a yau, an jarraba salon mulki na Firayim Minista kafin sojoji su kashe Abubakar Tafawa-Balewa a Junairun 1966.
Salon mulkin shugaban ƙasa mai Cikakken iko (Presidential System)
1. Mai girma Shugaban ƙasa yake da cikakken iko a tsarin mulki.
2. Shugaban ƙasa yana da damar ruguza matakin da majalisa ta ɗauka. A Najeriya shugaban ƙasa zai iya watsi da ƙudirin ‘yan majalisa.
3. Shugaban ƙasa yana da tsayayyen wa’adi, ba za a iya sauke shi ba saboda rashin na’am a majalisa sai a inda doka ta bada dama.
4. Shugaban ƙasa yana da ikon yin afuwa ga waɗanda aka samu da laifi. Hakan ta faru ga Jolly Nyame da Joshua Dariye a 2022 da shugaban ƙasa Muhammad Buhari ya yi musu afuwa.
5. Mafi rinjayen al’ummar gari suka zaɓi shugaban ƙasa ba kuri’ar majalisa ta kai shi ba.
Salon mulkin Firayim Minista (Parliamentary System)
1. A nan, akwai alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin ‘yan majalisa da shugaban da yake kan mulki. ‘Yan majalisa duk abokan aikin Firayim Ministan ƙasa ne.
2. Akwai nau’i biyu na shugabanni, shugaban ƙasa ko basarake (kamar Nnamdi Arzikwe a Najeriya 1960-1966 ko Sarkin Ingila Charles) da Firayim Minista mai cikakken iko.
3. Firayim Minista zai cigaba da mulki muddin jam’iyyarsa ta na da rinjaye a majalisa kuma ’yan majalisar sun gamsu da irin rawar da yake takawa.
Amfanin tsarin shugaban ƙasa (Presidential System)
1. Kowa da aikinsa Doka ta tsarawa shugabanni, ‘yan majalisa da alƙalai aikinsu, babu wanda zai yi katsalandan, kuma ana iya takawa mai mulki burki.
2. Aiki da ƙwararru A tsarin na shugaban ƙasa zai fi samun damar naɗa ƙwararru domin yana da zaɓin yin aiki da wanda ya dace, ba a killace shi da iya 'yan majalisa kawai ba.
3. Tsayayyen lokaci irin wannan tsari, ba a yawan shakkar rugujewar gwamnati domin mai mulki bai faye sauka ba har sai wa’adinsa ya cika.
4. Rage hayaniyar siyasa A wannan salo, rikicin siyasa bai cika tasiri sosai a gwamnati ba. Shugaban ƙasa yana da ikon jawo har ‘yan wasu jam’iyyun adawa a cikin gwamnatinsa.
Amfanin tsarin Firayim Minista (Parliamentary System)
1. Haɗin-kai tsakanin Firayim minista da ‘yan majalisa. Wanda a cikinsu ne zai zaɓi sakatarori misalin (Ministoci).
2. Hana kama karya a mulki.
3. Takawa gwamnati burki.
Matsalar tsarin shugaban kasa (Presidential System)
1. Kama-karyar masu mulki Tun da majalisa ba ta da iko sosai wajen hana shugaban ƙasa sakat, wannan ya kan kawo shugaban da ke mulki ya riƙa yin kama-karya.
2. Saɓanin fadar shugaban ƙasa da majalisa, a kan samu tataɓurza tsakanin ‘yan majalisa da fadar shugaban ƙasa. An sha ganin yadda irin wannan saɓani ya kan kawo cikas.
3. Taurin kai A ƙarshe a kan zargi shugabannin ƙasashen da ke mulki a irin wannan tsari na taurin-kai.
Matsalar tsarin Firayim Minista (Parliamentary System)
1. Babu rabon aiki: Babu damar da kowa zai samu hurumin aiki musamman daga ‘yan adawa a majalisa.
2. Rashin cancanta: Za a iya zaɓen mutum daga mazaɓa kuma ya ɗare kan kujerar minista mai muhimmanci ba tare da la’akari da ƙwarewarsa a kan aikin ba.
3. Rashin tabbas: a nan kuwa, za a iya yin waje road da Firayim Minista, yana tsakiyar wa’adinsa a maimakon a jira lokacin da za a gudanar da zaɓe a faɗin ƙasa.
4. Toshe ƙofa: Wannan tsari yana hana mulki ya shiga hannun jam’iyyun adawa, a dalilin haka ana rasa ƙwararrun da suka cancanta su taya gwamnati aiki.
5. Aiki a asirce: Cikin abin da yake jawo ana kushe tsarin akwai yadda ake gudanar da gwamnati a asirce, talakawa ba su da masaniyar abubuwan da ke wakana.
Ga kaɗan daga cikin ƙasashen da suke amfani da tsarin shugaban ƙasa (Presidential System)
1. Nigeria 🇳🇬
2. Indonesia 🇮🇩
3. Honduras 🇭🇳
4. USA 🇺🇸
5. Zambia 🇿🇲
6. Brazil 🇧🇷
7. Argentina 🇦🇷
8. Zimbabwe 🇿🇼
9. France 🇫🇷
10. Germany 🇩🇪
Kaɗan Daga Cikin Kasashe Masu Amfani Da Tsarin Farayim Minista (Parliamentary System).
1. Britain 🇬🇧
2. Burundi 🇧🇮
3. South Korea 🇰🇷
4. Peru 🇵🇪
5. India 🇮🇳
6. Pakistan 🇵🇰
7. Tunisia 🇹🇳
8. Djibouti 🇩🇯
9. Ethiopia 🇪🇹
10. Sweden 🇸🇪.
