Saturday, 9 November 2024

Karanta Tarihin Rayuwar Plato A Takaice

Tura Wannan Zuwa Ga

Plato wani tsohon masanin falsafa ne na Girka wanda aka sani a matsayin masanin falsafa na gargajiya a falsafar Yamma kuma mai ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubucen. Kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa Platonic Academy, makarantar falsafa a Athens inda Plato ya koyar da koyarwar da daga baya aka a san ta da Platonism.


Tarihin Rayuwar Plato
Hoto: World history

MarubuciSaliadeen Sicey


Plato yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana falsafa a duniya da aka fi sani da karatu da nazari. Shi ɗalibin Socrates ne kuma malamin Aristotle, ya yi rubutu a tsakiyar ƙarni na huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi isa (A.S) a tsohuwar Girka.


Haihuwa


An haifi Plato a cikin dangin Atheniyawa masu arziki. An haife shi a shekara ta 424 ko 423 kafin haihuwar Annabi isa (A.S). Plato yana da ’yan uwa maza biyu, Adeimantus da Glaucon (da kuma babbar yayarsu Potone). 


Mahaifin Plato ya mutu sa’ad da yake ƙarami, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta sake auren kawunta, Pyrilampes, ɗan siyasar Girka kuma jakada a Farisa. 


Sa’ad da yake matashi, Plato ya fuskanci manyan abubuwa biyu da suka kafa tafarkin rayuwarsa. Ɗayan shi ne saduwa da babban masanin falsafa na Girka Socrates.


Hanyoyin tattaunawa da muhawara na Socrates suna burge Plato sosai ta yadda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama almajiransa kuma ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga tambayar nagarta da samuwar hali mai daraja. 


Tattaunawa


Plato ya rubuta littattafansa ta hanyar tattaunawa da ake kira (Dialogue) a cikin tattaunawa, mutane biyu ko fiye da biyu suna magana game da ra'ayoyi kuma wani lokaci suna saɓani a kansu.


Socrates yawanci shi ne mutum mai muhimmanci a tattaunawar Plato. Sau da yawa, Socrates yana magana da mutane kuma yana ƙoƙari ya ga sun gasgata wani abu da a ganinsu da ba shi da ma'ana. Saboda haka, wasu mutane suka yi fushi da Socrates suka koma suna ƙoƙari su kashe shi. Waɗannan mutane sun gurfanar da Socrates a gaban shari'a kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar shayar da shi guba.


Bayan mutuwar Socrates, Plato ya yi tafiya ta tsawon shekaru 12 a ko'ina cikin yankin Bahar Rum, yana nazarin ilimin lissafi tare da Pythagoreans a Italiya, da ilimin lissafi, ilimin ƙasa, ilimin taurari da addini a Masar. A wannan lokacin, ba da jimawa ba, ya fara rubuce-rubuce masu yawa.


Kafa makarantar Platonic Academy 


Wani lokaci a cikin 385 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S), Plato ya kafa makarantar koyo, wanda aka sani da Platonic Academy, wanda ya jagoranta har lokacin mutuwarsa. An yi imanin makarantar tana a wani wurin shaƙatawa da aka sawa sunan wani fitaccen jarumin Atine. Makarantar ta yi aiki har zuwa 529 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S), lokacin da Sarkin Roma Justinian I ya rufe ta, wanda ya ji tsoron cewa arna ne ke barazana ga Kiristanci. A cikin shekarun aikinta, tsarin karatun Kwalejin ya haɗa da ilimin taurari, ilmin halitta, lissafi, ƙa'idar siyasa da falsafa. Plato ya yi fatan Kwalejin za ta samar da wuri ga shugabannin nan gaba don gano yadda za a gina ingantacciyar gwamnati a cikin biranen Girka.


Plato ya koma Athens da Kwalejinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ɗalibansa a can shi ne Aristotle, wanda ya ɗauki koyarwar jagoransa zuwa sababbin hanyoyi.


Shekarun ƙarshe da mutuwa


Shekaru na ƙarshe na Plato ya shafe su yana rubuce-rubuce a Kwalejin. Babu haske a kan labari game da mutuwarsa, kodayake ana da tabbas cewa ya mutu a Athens a kusan 348 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S) a lokacin da yake a farkon shekarunsa na 80. Wasu malaman sun ce ya rasu ne a lokacin da yake halartar ɗaurin aure, yayin da wasu ke ganin cewa ya rasu ne a cikin bacci. 


Tasiri


Tasirin Plato akan falsafa da yanayin mutane ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a sauran ƙasashen duniya, fiye da a mahaifarsa ta Girka. Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi faɗaɗa buƙatu da ra'ayoyi: lissafi, kimiyya da yanayi, ɗabi'a da ilimin siyasa. Imaninsa game da muhimmancin lissafi a cikin ilimi, an tabbatar da cewa yana da muhimmanci don fahimtar dukan sararin samaniya. Ayyukansa na amfani da hankali don haɓaka al'umma mai adalci da daidaito akan ɗaiɗaikun mutane shi ne ya kafa tushen tsarin dimokuraɗiyya ta zamani.


An yi imanin cewa gabaɗayan aikin Plato sun ci gaba da wanzuwa fiye da shekaru 2,400 ba kamar na kusan dukan mutanen zamaninsa ba.


Plato ya taba yin aure?


Plato ba shi da 'ya'ya, kuma bisa ga shaidun rubutu bai taɓa yin aure ba.


Shin Plato ya yi imani da Allah?


A wurin Plato, Allah shi ne mafifici mafi girma kuma mafi kamala, kuma wanda ke amfani da siffofi na har abada, shi ne mahaliccin sararin samaniya kuma madawwami wanda ba a halicce shi ba.

TURA WANNAN ZUWA GA

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